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In linguistics, a hyponym (from Greek ''hupó'', "under" and ''onomas'', "name") is a word or phrase whose semantic field is included within that of another word, its hyperonym or hypernym (from Greek ''hupér'', "over" and ''onomas'', "name") . In simpler terms, a hyponym shares a ''type-of'' relationship with its hypernym. For example, ''pigeon'', ''crow'', ''eagle'' and ''seagull'' are all hyponyms of ''bird'' (their hypernym); which, in turn, is a hyponym of ''animal''. == Hyponyms and hypernyms == Hyponymy shows the relationship between the more general terms (hypernyms) and the more specific instances of it (hyponyms). A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym. The semantic field of a hypernym, also known as a superordinate, is broader than that of a hyponym. An approach to the relationship between hyponyms and hypernyms is to view a hypernym as consisting of hyponyms. This, however, becomes more difficult with abstract words such as ''imagine'', ''understand'' and ''knowledge''. While hyponyms are typically used to refer to nouns, it can also be used on other parts of speech. Like nouns, hyponyms in verbs are words that refer to a broad category of actions. For example, verbs such as ''stare'', ''gaze'', ''view'' and ''peer'' can also be considered hyponyms of the verb ''look''. Hypernyms and hyponyms are asymmetric. Hyponymy can be tested by substituting X and Y in the sentence ‘X is a kind of Y’ and determining if it makes sense. For example, ‘A screwdriver is a kind of tool’ makes sense but not ‘A tool is a kind of screwdriver’. Strictly speaking, the meaning relation between hyponyms and hypernyms applies to lexical items of the same word class (or parts of speech), and holds between senses rather than words. For instance, the word ''screwdriver'' used in the previous example refers to the tool for turning a screw, and not to the drink made with vodka and orange juice. Hyponymy is a transitive relation, if X is a hyponym of Y, and Y is a hyponym of Z, then X is a hyponym of Z. For example, ''violet'' is a hyponym of ''purple'' and ''purple'' is a hyponym of ''color''; therefore ''violet'' is a hyponym of ''color''. In addition, it should be noted that a word can be both a hypernym and a hyponym: for example ''purple'' is a hyponym of colour but itself is a hypernym of the broad spectrum of shades of purple between the range of ''crimson'' and ''violet''. The hierarchical structure of semantic fields can be mostly seen in hyponymy. They could be observed from top to bottom, where the higher level is more general and the lower level is more specific. For example, ''living things'' will be the highest level followed by ''plants'' and ''animals'', and the lowest level may comprise ''dog'', ''cat'' and ''wolf''. Under the relations of hyponymy and incompatibility, taxonomic hierarchical structures too can be formed. It consists of two relations; the first one being exemplified in 'An X is a Y' (simple hyponymy) while the second relation is 'An X is a kind/type of Y'. The second relation is said to be more discriminating and can be classified more specifically under the concept of taxonomy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hyponymy and hypernymy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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